• Users Online: 1102
  • Home
  • Print this page
  • Email this page
Home About us Editorial board Ahead of print Current issue Search Archives Submit article Instructions Subscribe Contacts Login 


 
 Table of Contents  
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2018  |  Volume : 6  |  Issue : 1  |  Page : 8-15

Impact of socioeconomic status on decayed, missing, and filled teeth among industrial recruits of Bhopal City, India


1 Department of Public Health Dentistry, People's Dental Academy, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
2 Department of Public Health Dentistry, SMBT Dental College and Hospital, Ghulewadi, Maharashtra, India

Date of Web Publication23-May-2018

Correspondence Address:
Dr. Anshika Khare
Department of Public Health Dentistry, People's Dental Academy, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
India
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/ijcd.ijcd_2_18

Rights and Permissions
  Abstract 

Background: In this contemporary world urbanization leads to the development of various industries on an immense scale. Although rapid industrialization symbolizes the growth of any nation but it can impinge on the general as well as the oral health of their employees. Aim: To assess the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) of industrial recruits of Bhopal city, India. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study conducted among 448 industrial recruits of GEI (General Engineering Industry). Modified WHO-2013, oral health Proforma was used to appraise their dentition and related treatment necessities. Statistical analysis was done by using Chi square and ANOVA (Analysis of variance) test used for statistic analysis. Result: The result of this study showed that dental caries prevalence not remarkably exaggerated by socioeconomic status but the mean number of decayed, filled and missing teeth unswervingly allied with socioeconomic status. Conclusion: This study concluded that dentition status of GEI, industrial recruits was not good, especially in the lower class SES. Therefore, to reduce this disparity equitable distribution of oral health of services are required.

Keywords: Decayed, filled, missing teeth, socioeconomic status


How to cite this article:
Khare A, Saxena V, Jain M. Impact of socioeconomic status on decayed, missing, and filled teeth among industrial recruits of Bhopal City, India. Int J Community Dent 2018;6:8-15

How to cite this URL:
Khare A, Saxena V, Jain M. Impact of socioeconomic status on decayed, missing, and filled teeth among industrial recruits of Bhopal City, India. Int J Community Dent [serial online] 2018 [cited 2024 Mar 28];6:8-15. Available from: https://www.ijcommdent.com/text.asp?2018/6/1/8/233053


  Introduction Top


In this contemporary world, urbanization leads to the development of various industries on an immense scale. Although rapid industrialization symbolizes the growth of any nation, it can impinge on the general as well as the oral health of their employees. Occupation is major source in the emergence of a variety of health problems due to anxious working schedule such as night shifts and stressed environment.

As we all know that oral health is deep-seated part of health and reflects the mirror image of general health, oral cavity acts to take a one-step forward for the passage of various diseases. A study conducted by Sudhanshu et al. also showed the association between occupational exposure and greater incidence of oral diseases.[1]

The detrimental outcomes of occupational hazard may bestow visible marks on oral cavity, for example, teeth, jawbones, periodontal tissues, tongue, lips, and oral mucosa. A research has also shown that work environment is one of the main causes of stress.[2] Job stress can enhance the adoption of nonhealthy behavior, such as worsening tooth brushing, neglecting oral hygiene maintenance, and adopting adverse habits such as smoking, chewing, and drinking.[3],[4],[5] Moreover, there is evidential proof, suggesting that job stress is an important risk indicator for oral health outcomes.[6],[7],[8],[9]

Oral health is always an enduring part of wide-ranging health, and several studies in the past have revealed an association between socioeconomic factors and oral health.[10],[11],[12],[13],[14],[15] Dental caries was pertinently afflicted by modernization and socioeconomic status (SES).

Therefore, occupational- and stress-related oral diseases are very common in industrial workers and primarily related to SES. General Engineering Industry (GEI) is one of the renowned industries of Bhopal city. Thus, the assessment of oral health status of these recruits will also provide future opportunity to assess the influence of socioeconomic factors on their oral health, and this was a pioneer attempt to assess the impact of SES on decayed teeth (DT), filled teeth (FT), and missing teeth (MT) among industrial employees of Bhopal city. Moreover, this study will also help provide the baseline data for strategically planning and formulation to deliver the better oral health promotive, curative, evaluative, and rehabilitative care.


  Materials and Methods Top


A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 448 GEI industrial recruits of Bhopal city, for the assessment of their dentition status. The modified WHO-2013 oral health pro forma was used to evaluate dentition state and related treatment provisions of industrial recruits. To assess the SES of industrial recruits, Kuppuswamy scale used and for the assessment of oral hygiene knowledge, attitude and practices, questionnaire was used [Questionnaire 1].[Additional file 1][16]

The mode of illustration of recruits was based on the census list of the entire industrial employees. Thus, study inhabitants were chosen based on the following inclusion and exclusion criteria:

  • All permanent industrial employees working since 3 years was included in the study.
  • Employees who were reluctant to participate and absent during study period was excluded.


After setting if inclusion and exclusion criteria total sample size was 448.

The principled sanction was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the People's Dental Academy, Bhopal. A pilot study was accomplished along with thirty recruits to ensure the preferred viability with the modified WHO-2013 pro forma.

According to the age group, GEI employees ranged in strata of 18–35, 36–55, >56, and 36–55 years. Whereas, according to SES, employees ranged in upper-middle class, lower-middle class, and upper-lower class. A qualified solitary investigator calibrated regarding interpretation, understanding, and application of codes and criteria in the modified WHO-2013 pro forma. A recording clerk was also trained to enter the data.

Statistical analysis

The statistical analysis was done by using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS Version 20; Chicago Inc., USA). The Chi-square and analysis of variance were used to calculate the data; P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.


  Results Top


A total 448 industrial recruits were examine, ranging in a strata of 18-65 years. The majority of industrial recruits were 36–55 years of age group and appear under lower-middle class of SES. Statically highly significant difference was present in the demographic distribution of industrial employees (P = 0.001) [Table 1].
Table 1: Demographic distribution of industrial recruits according to age and socioeconomic status

Click here to view


Oral hygiene practices of industrial recruits revealed that 90.6% of industrial recruits used toothbrush and 98.7% used toothpaste to clean their teeth. 74.1% of employees brushed their teeth once a day, while 36.6% changed their toothbrush in every 4–6 months. 40.6% of employees used toothpick/stick as interdental cleaning aids. 43.8% of employees rarely consumed sugar and their products. Statistically highly significant difference was present in brushing frequency in a day, frequency to change toothbrush and other cleaning aids used by different SES of industrial recruits (P = 0.001) [Table 2].
Table 2: Oral health practices of industrial recruits according to the socioeconomic status

Click here to view


The mean DT, MT, FT, and decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) (dental caries experience) and dental caries prevalence of industrial recruits showed that the mean number of DT (1.34 ± 1.62) was higher among upper-lower class of SES. The mean number of MT (0.62 ± 1.19) was higher among lower-middle class of SES. The mean number of FT (0.54 ± 0.85) and DMFT (2.19 ± 1.92) was higher among upper-middle of SES. Statistically highly significant difference was present in FT (P = 0.001). Dental caries prevalence of industrial recruits was 58.0% and more in lower-middle class of SES [Table 3] and [Table 4].
Table 3: Mean decayed teeth, missing teeth, filled teeth, and decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dental caries experience) of industrial recruits according to socioeconomic status

Click here to view
Table 4: Dental caries prevalence of industrial employees according to their age and socioeconomic status

Click here to view



  Discussion Top


A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 448 GEI industrial recruits of Bhopal city, to assess the impact of SES on DMFT.

In the present study, recruits of GEI ranged in a strata from 18–35, 36–55, and >56 years of age group and upper-middle, lower-middle, and upper-lower class of SES. Demographically, industrial employees were abundantly in 36–55 years of age group and lower-middle class of SES.

In this study, we found that the mean number of DT or untreated dental caries was more in upper-lower class as compared to lower-middle and upper-middle class. This was probably due to their poor oral hygiene practices, lack of awareness, and poor utilization of dental services. Similar results were found by Chandra Shekar and Reddy;[17] they found that the mean number of untreated dental caries was higher (0.96 ± 2.06) among lower SES.

In the current study, we found that the mean number of MT due to dental caries was higher among lower-middle class of SES. Although lower-middle class was quite satisfactorily educated, the rationale of high number of MT possibly was due to the costly replacement of MT or lack of motivation and awareness on provision of reimbursement for dental care. Therefore, lower-middle class of SES prefers to extract their teeth as a part of dental treatment, rather than emphasized on curative or rehabilitative treatment.

In this study, we found that the mean number of FT was high among upper-middle class of SES. Chandra Shekar and Reddy [17] originated similar results; they also found that the mean number of FT (1.52 ± 2.13) was higher among upper class of SES. This may be because upper class has good oral hygiene practices, high awareness, and excellent utilization of dental services and most importantly positive perception of the fact that the teeth are worth saving.

On the contrast of this, the mean DMFT was also higher among upper-middle class; this may be because of the dietary habits of upper-middle class people such as consumption of soft drinks, processed foods, and sticky foods. A research also revealed that the dental caries is lifestyle related disease. Prevalence of dental caries was increase by using soft drinks and sticky foods.[18]

Therefore, the overall result of this study gives an emphasis on oral health education, promotion, and privileged preventive as well as curative and rehabilitative treatment requirements among lower as well as upper SES.


  Conclusion Top


This study concluded that dental caries prevalence is not remarkably exaggerated by SES, but the mean number of DT, FT, and MT is unswervingly allied with SES. Dentition status of industrial recruits was not up to the standard level, especially in the lower class. Therefore, to reduce the disparity of oral health, equitable distribution of services among different SESs is important. Efforts needed to be taken for provision and utilization of more promotive, preventive, and curative dental services to meet the unmet dental necessities of industrial employees.

Recommendations

To reduce the disparity of oral health services among different SESs, every industrial premise has their own well-equipped dental as well as general hospital. A comprehensive treatment facility should be provided for all industrial employees in their premises, to elevate their oral health profile which also improves respond to people's justifiable demands with a fairness in economics.

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to thank all the study participants for their kind cooperation throughout the study.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

 
  References Top

1.
Sudhanshu S, Pankaj A, Sorabh J, Nidhi S. Dental diseases of acid factory workers globally-narrative review article. Iran J Public Health 2014;43:1-5.  Back to cited text no. 1
[PUBMED]    
2.
Stansfeld S, Head J, Marmot M. Work Related Factors and Ill Health: The Whitehall II Study. Norwich: Health and Safety Executive; 2000.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Pickering TG. The effects of environmental and lifestyle factors on blood pressure and the intermediary role of the sympathetic nervous system. J Hum Hypertens 1997;11 Suppl 1:S9-18.  Back to cited text no. 3
[PUBMED]    
4.
Abegg C, Marcenes W, Croucher R, Sheiham A. The relationship between tooth cleaning behaviour and flexibility of working time schedule. J Clin Periodontol 1999;26:448-52.  Back to cited text no. 4
[PUBMED]    
5.
Matthews KA, Gallo LC, Taylor SE. Are psychosocial factors mediators of socioeconomic status and health connections? A progress report and blueprint for the future. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1186:146-73.  Back to cited text no. 5
[PUBMED]    
6.
da Silva SR, Castellanos Fernandes RA. Self-perception of oral health status by the elderly. Rev Saude Publica 2001;35:349-55.  Back to cited text no. 6
[PUBMED]    
7.
Breivik T, Thrane PS, Murison R, Gjermo P. Emotional stress effects on immunity, gingivitis and periodontitis. Eur J Oral Sci 1996;104:327-34.  Back to cited text no. 7
[PUBMED]    
8.
Aurer A, Aurer-Kozelj J, Stavljenić-Rukavina A, Kalenić S, Ivić-Kardum M, Haban V, et al. Inflammatory mediators in saliva of patients with rapidly progressive periodontitis during war stress induced incidence increase. Coll Antropol 1999;23:117-24.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Genco RJ, Ho AW, Grossi SG, Dunford RG, Tedesco LA. Relationship of stress, distress and inadequate coping behaviors to periodontal disease. J Periodontol 1999;70:711-23.  Back to cited text no. 9
[PUBMED]    
10.
Petridou E, Athanassouli T, Panagopoulos H, Revinthi K. Sociodemographic and dietary factors in relation to dental health among Greek adolescents. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1996;24:307-11.  Back to cited text no. 10
[PUBMED]    
11.
Freire Mdo C, de Melo RB, Almeida e Silva S. Dental caries prevalence in relation to socioeconomic status of nursery school children in Goiânia-GO, Brazil. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1996;24:357-61.  Back to cited text no. 11
[PUBMED]    
12.
Whittle JG, Whittle KW. Household income in relation to dental health and dental health behaviours: The use of super profiles. Community Dent Health 1998;15:150-4.  Back to cited text no. 12
[PUBMED]    
13.
Al-Hosani E, Rugg-Gunn A. Combination of low parental educational attainment and high parental income related to high caries experience in pre-school children in Abu Dhabi. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1998;26:31-6.  Back to cited text no. 13
[PUBMED]    
14.
Jorgensen EB. Effect of socio-economic and general health status on periodontal conditions in old age. J Clin Periodontol 2000;27:83.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Finn. Text Book of Clinical Pedodontics. 4th ed. USA: W.B. Saunders Company; 1991. p. 470.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
Ravi Kumar BP. Kuppuswamy's socio-economic status scale – A revision of economic parameter for 2012. Int J Res Dev Health 2013;1:2-4.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
Chandra Shekar BR, Reddy C. Oral health status in relation to socioeconomic factors among the municipal employees of Mysore city. Indian J Dent Res 2011;22:410-8.  Back to cited text no. 17
[PUBMED]    
18.
Chopra A, Dhawan A, Seth H, Mohan D. Association between parental and offspring's alcohol use-population data from India. J Indian Assoc Child Adolesc Ment Health 2008;4:38-43.  Back to cited text no. 18
    



 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4]



 

Top
 
 
  Search
 
Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
Access Statistics
Email Alert *
Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)

 
  In this article
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Me...
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Article Tables

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed6779    
    Printed702    
    Emailed0    
    PDF Downloaded128    
    Comments [Add]    

Recommend this journal


[TAG2]
[TAG3]
[TAG4]